نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مهدی عادل ¹
• مرتضی مرتضوی کاخکی ²
• امید عادل ¹

¹ دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد علوم اقتصادی- بانکداری اسلامی، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، مشهد، ایران؛ طلبۀ سطح سه حوزۀ علمیه خراسان، مشهد، ایران.

² استادیار، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

نهاد وقف به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین ابزارهای تأمین مالی پایدار در جوامع اسلامی، همواره نقش کلیدی در توسعه فرهنگی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی ایفا کرده است. با ظهور دارایی‌های دیجیتال و رمزارزها، این پرسش مطرح می‌شود که آیا می‌توان چنین دارایی‌های نوینی را وقف کرد و در مسیر اهداف عام‌المنفعه به‌کار گرفت. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی فقهی–حقوقی و اقتصادی، به بررسی امکان وقف دارایی‌های رمزارزی در چارچوب فقه امامیه می‌پردازد. پرسش‌های اصلی تحقیق بر سه محور استوار است: ماهیت و مالیت رمزارزها، انطباق آن‌ها با شرایط صحت وقف، و آثار اقتصادی–اجتماعی وقف رمزارزها. روش پژوهش، توصیفی–تحلیلی و مبتنی بر منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اجتهادی است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که رمزارزها از منظر فقه امامیه واجد مالیت عرفی و عقلایی بوده و قابلیت تملک، بقا، قبض و اقباض را دارا هستند. هرچند نوسانات قیمتی و نبود چارچوب‌های حقوقی شفاف از چالش‌های اساسی‌اند، اما می‌توان با بهره‌گیری از نظریه «وقف مالیت» و ابزارهایی مانند قراردادهای هوشمند، این موانع را برطرف کرد. از منظر اقتصادی، وقف رمزارزها ظرفیت بالایی در جذب منابع مالی جدید، افزایش شفافیت و ارتقای کارآمدی نهاد وقف دارد. نوآوری اصلی پژوهش در ارائه چارچوبی نوین برای گذار از «حبس عین مادی» به «حبس مالیت» و تطبیق وقف با اقتضائات اقتصاد دیجیتال است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• وقف
• رمزارز
• فقه امامیه
• مالیت
• اقتصاد دیجیتال

موضوعات

• اقتصاد اسلامی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Jurisprudential and economic review of endowment of assets of cryptocurrencies

نویسندگان [English]

• Mehdi Adel ¹
• Morteza Mortazavi Kakhki ²
• Omid Adel ¹

¹ MA in Economic Sciences – Islamic Banking, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Level Three student, Khorasan Seminary, Mashhad, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The purpose of this article is to examine the jurisprudence and economics of endowment of cryptocurrency assets. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical. In this way, by referring to sources and through the use of questionnaires, the necessary information was collected, and after reviewing and analyzing the jurisprudence, economic, and financial sources, the materials were collected and finally written. The method of collecting information in this study was to collect the resources available in specialized libraries, including books, articles, writings, as well as searching on Internet sites in the field of endowment, cryptocurrencies, and considering and examining them in order to make more and more optimal use of resources and research. The research tool in this article was through questionnaires and in the form of library studies. The analysis of the materials was based on the ijtihad method based on the theories of jurists and economic experts in the field of cryptocurrency assets. Currently, cryptocurrencies are considered as financial assets. In Iran, they have also been accepted as assets to some extent. But there are issues. That must be agreed upon by everyone. In many institutions such as endowments, which rely more on Sharia issues, there is still a question of whether the use of cryptocurrencies can be used in endowment matters or not? The results showed that if cryptocurrencies have information transparency. Or are approved by official centers such as the Central Bank. And there is sufficient supervision over their data and information. Also, from the perspective of jurists, they do not have a Sharia problem. And they can have positive effects from an economic perspective. And people trust them. They can be used as endowment property in the endowment institution. In fact, any type of money that has financial value and can be used for trading can also be used in the endowment institution. From the perspective of jurists, if cryptocurrencies have financial backing. And are trusted by the people. And people can use them without any problems. They gain legitimacy. But given the security and infrastructure challenges that exist. It is still not possible to say completely that they will be used. The most important jurisprudential challenges related to digital currencies include the following: the taxability and non-taxability of digital currencies, security problems, the real Islamic economic threat, the lack of support, money laundering, hacking, loss of user accounts, etc. Given the high volatility of digital currencies, this indicates that there is either no sponsor behind them who can support these currencies or they do not have the power, because money is an index and a standard, just as we measure metric goods with meters, we want to preserve the value of assets with money. In our country, there are jurisprudential consequences in the use of cryptocurrencies. The legislator has not yet resolved many ambiguous cases. And these ambiguities have had effects and consequences on the jurisprudential and economic legal system.